Background. Yugoslavia occupied a significant portion of the Balkan Peninsula, including a strip of land on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea, stretching southward from the Bay of Trieste in Central Europe to the mouth of Bojana as well as Lake Prespa inland, and eastward as far as the Iron Gates on the Danube and Midžor in the Balkan Mountains, thus including a large part of Southeast ...The five issues are: (1) the ontology of concepts, (2) the structure of concepts, (3) empiricism and nativism about concepts, (4) concepts and natural language, and (5) concepts and conceptual analysis. 1. The ontology of concepts. 1.1 Concepts as mental representations. 1.2 Concepts as abilities. 1.3 Concepts as abstract objects.These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing: Consent of the parties. Impartiality. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. 1. Consent of the parties. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a commitment by the parties to a ...AUDIOBOOK. Abstract: In this article, the author investigates the concept of “war” during the Akkadian period (ca. 2234–2154 BCE) through fragments and clay tablets that have remained from that period in history more than 4,000 years ago. Given the special place that the divine realm took in the Akkadian worldview, manifesting even in ...A scandal of exceptional scope and impact, it was (at the time) the largest bankruptcy in American history. The alleged business practices of its executives led to numerous individual criminal convictions. It was also a principal impetus for the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the evolution of the concept of corporate responsibility.In a mean follow up of 5.5 years, the survival of the femoral head was observed in 72.2% of the patients. There were significant improvement in both Harris Hip Scores and pain scores postoperatively.Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more. This research focuses on Johan Galtung’s theory of the culture of peace. Based on his thoughts, the problems in this study are: 1). What is Johan Galtung's concept of a culture of peace? 2).Sep 1, 2017 · The Soviet Union, or U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 countries in Eastern Europe and Asia and lasted from 1922 until its fall in 1991. The Soviet Union was the world’s first Marxist-Communist state ... On the evening of 7 February 2018, a deadly collapse of a metro tunnel under construction in the Southern China city of Foshan caused 11 deaths, 8 injuries, and 1 missing person. For disaster prevention and mitigation, the spatiotemporal ground deformations before and after the collapse event were derived from 55 Sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images spanning from March 2017 to ... Peace Dividend: The money that becomes available in a national government's budget when the country is at peace, and can afford to reduce its defense spending. The term "peace dividend" is also ...The author's study of the prompt shock mechanism continues with an investigation of the effect of the softness of the supranuclear behavior of the equation of state (EOS), and of the structure of the precollapse core model. Three different levels of neutrino transport were incorporated in the calculations. When neutrino-electron scattering (NES) is turned off and only e-type neutrinos are ... An empire consists of a central state that also controls large amounts of territory and often diverse populations. Empires rise and grow as they expand power and influence, and can fall if they lose control of too much territory or are overthrown. Historians can better understand these processes by comparing how they occurred in different empires.The concept of democratic peace must be distinguished from the claim that democracies are in general more peaceful than nondemocratic countries. Whereas the latter claim is controversial, the claim that democratic states do not fight each other is widely regarded as true by scholars and practitioners of international relations. Context collapse or "the flattening of multiple audiences into a single context " [1] is a term arising out of the study of human interaction on the internet, especially within social media. [2] Context collapse "generally occurs when a surfeit of different audiences occupy the same space, and a piece of information intended for one audience ...The mechanism of vasovagal syncope. The name comes from how the afferent part of the reflex comes from the vessels (vaso), while the efferent part comes from the vagus (vagal). After loss of consciousness you will lose muscle tone, causing you to fall and assume a supine position. This evens out the distribution of blood, causing consciousness ...(1967: 12) describes it as an “umbrella concept”. To him, it is a state of mind felt as a consequence of the actualization of certain stated human desires. That is, it is a feeling of internal serenity as a result of external stability. Galtung (1967) also describes peace as touching the concept of law and order. That is, anCurrently, the main rule of HBO in AVN is an adjunctive therapy to control symptoms and improve the quality of life of a patient; however, the concept of using HBO as a primary treatment choice ...Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918–1933. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their country’s uncertain future. Citizens faced poor economic conditions, skyrocketing unemployment, political instability, and profound social change. While downplaying more extreme goals, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi ...The Japanese Investigation Committee introduced the concept of location of the lesions. 8 Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) proposed a new international classification in 2001 using MRI. 9 This system uses the four part staging system of Ficat, while adding the extent of involvement advocated by Steinberg 7 and the location of ...Purpose. The purposes of this study were to investigate (1) the clinical, radiographic and arthroscopic presentation of patients with subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head (SIFFH) and (2) the outcomes following arthroscopic treatment with internal fixation using hydroxyapatite poly-lactate acid (HA/PLLA) threaded pins and concomitant arthroscopic treatment of associated findings.The five issues are: (1) the ontology of concepts, (2) the structure of concepts, (3) empiricism and nativism about concepts, (4) concepts and natural language, and (5) concepts and conceptual analysis. 1. The ontology of concepts. 1.1 Concepts as mental representations. 1.2 Concepts as abilities. 1.3 Concepts as abstract objects.A scandal of exceptional scope and impact, it was (at the time) the largest bankruptcy in American history. The alleged business practices of its executives led to numerous individual criminal convictions. It was also a principal impetus for the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the evolution of the concept of corporate responsibility.Learn about:- 1. Meaning of Business Environment 2. Definition of Business Environment 3. Concept 4. Scope 5. Factors 6. Need 7. Features 8. Components 9. Dimensions ...The aftermath of World War I saw cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds. Stanford historian Walter Scheidel calls the fall of Rome the “great escape.” (Image credit: Daniel Hinterramskogler) Scheidel discusses in a new book why the Roman Empire was never rebuilt ...The author's study of the prompt shock mechanism continues with an investigation of the effect of the softness of the supranuclear behavior of the equation of state (EOS), and of the structure of the precollapse core model. Three different levels of neutrino transport were incorporated in the calculations. When neutrino-electron scattering (NES) is turned off and only e-type neutrinos are ...The author's study of the prompt shock mechanism continues with an investigation of the effect of the softness of the supranuclear behavior of the equation of state (EOS), and of the structure of the precollapse core model. Three different levels of neutrino transport were incorporated in the calculations. When neutrino-electron scattering (NES) is turned off and only e-type neutrinos are ... These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing: Consent of the parties. Impartiality. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. 1. Consent of the parties. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a commitment by the parties to a ... In a mean follow up of 5.5 years, the survival of the femoral head was observed in 72.2% of the patients. There were significant improvement in both Harris Hip Scores and pain scores postoperatively.The concept of peace is more clearly understood in comparison with the concept of violence. Direct violence, the popularly understood meaning of violence, is referred to physical injuries and the infliction of pain that is caused by a specific person. Structural violence is apparent in social systems maintained by exploitative means throughout ...Oct 12, 2017 · The League of Nations was an international diplomatic group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare. A precursor to the ... These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing: Consent of the parties. Impartiality. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. 1. Consent of the parties. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a commitment by the parties to a ...These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing: Consent of the parties. Impartiality. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. 1. Consent of the parties. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a commitment by the parties to a ... According to Kanti Bajpai, the concept of peace can be defined on the basis of another three different perspectives. “Firstly, peace as the mere absence of war, that is a hegemonic of deterrent peace, secondly peace as functional and economic interaction, what could be called a transactional peace and peace as a social condition in which accommodation rather than force mediate change ...Apr 14, 2010 · Perestroika (“restructuring” in Russian) refers to a series of political and economic reforms meant to kick-start the stagnant 1980s economy of the Soviet Union. Its architect, President ... In a mean follow up of 5.5 years, the survival of the femoral head was observed in 72.2% of the patients. There were significant improvement in both Harris Hip Scores and pain scores postoperatively.On the evening of 7 February 2018, a deadly collapse of a metro tunnel under construction in the Southern China city of Foshan caused 11 deaths, 8 injuries, and 1 missing person. For disaster prevention and mitigation, the spatiotemporal ground deformations before and after the collapse event were derived from 55 Sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images spanning from March 2017 to ...These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing: Consent of the parties. Impartiality. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. 1. Consent of the parties. UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a commitment by the parties to a ...Context collapse or "the flattening of multiple audiences into a single context " [1] is a term arising out of the study of human interaction on the internet, especially within social media. [2] Context collapse "generally occurs when a surfeit of different audiences occupy the same space, and a piece of information intended for one audience ...Mar 8, 2005 · The Problem of Perception. The Problem of Perception is that if illusions and hallucinations are possible, then perceptual experience, as we ordinarily understand it, is impossible. The Problem is animated by two central arguments: the argument from illusion (§2.1) and the argument from hallucination (§2.2). Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more.precollapse - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. All Free.Oct 12, 2017 · The League of Nations was an international diplomatic group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare. A precursor to the ... 1. The Development of the Concept of Peace In this paper I try to survey the development of the concept of peace, in other words the ways by which the human aspirations for peace took shape. However, my attempt is limited both in space and time. My analysis concentrates mainly on Europe (but partly on the US) and I deal with only a few centu- Rock That Fell on Worker's Head Was Freak Accident (the rock that crashed down on a state worker's head was a freak accident - after investigators inspected the contract, the safety plans and the situation, they decided the worker was wearing the right safety gear and there were no violations - accident happened at about 9:00 a.m. - crews were detonating explosives to break up large rocks ...T/F Rome had very little commerce or industry, making it reliant on military conquest. T/F Octavian became, effectively, the first "emperor" of Rome. T/F The death of Marcus Aurelius was the "beginning of the end" for the Roman Empire. T/F The average Roman's house included a painted wall in trompe l'oiel style. Peirce’s Sign Theory, or Semiotic, is an account of signification, representation, reference and meaning. Although sign theories have a long history, Peirce’s accounts are distinctive and innovative for their breadth and complexity, and for capturing the importance of interpretation to signification. For Peirce, developing a thoroughgoing ...• Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? • Who was to blame for the Cold War? • How effectively did the United States contain the spread of Communism? • How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948–c.1989? • Why did events in the Gulf matter, c.1970–2000?Nov 7, 2005 · The five issues are: (1) the ontology of concepts, (2) the structure of concepts, (3) empiricism and nativism about concepts, (4) concepts and natural language, and (5) concepts and conceptual analysis. 1. The ontology of concepts. 1.1 Concepts as mental representations. 1.2 Concepts as abilities. 1.3 Concepts as abstract objects. The Japanese Investigation Committee introduced the concept of location of the lesions. 8 Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) proposed a new international classification in 2001 using MRI. 9 This system uses the four part staging system of Ficat, while adding the extent of involvement advocated by Steinberg 7 and the location of ... Perceived Obsolescence is when a person is persuaded into replacing an item before the old one has lost its functionality. It can be as simple as the old item becoming unfashionable or less desirable. The old item is perceived to be obsolete when it is not. The perceived obsolescence is usually due to the item’s aesthetics instead of ...The aftermath of World War I saw cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds. The author's study of the prompt shock mechanism continues with an investigation of the effect of the softness of the supranuclear behavior of the equation of state (EOS), and of the structure of the precollapse core model. Three different levels of neutrino transport were incorporated in the calculations. When neutrino-electron scattering (NES) is turned off and only e-type neutrinos are ...The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 682 facial or buccal root section alone to maintain the tissues at immedi-ate implant placement. 8 A tooth planned for extraction ... Nov 19, 2017 · But even a greater cause of the collapse of international peace in 1939 was the end of appeasement. When Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, after having faced no opposition in the past, he did not expect Britain and France to declare war on Germany. Hitler had taken his gamble on step too far by invading Poland instead of just keeping what he ... Oct 26, 2022 · The Antarctic Peninsula has undergone dramatic changes in recent decades, including ice-shelf melting, disintegration, and retreat of the grounding line. The Larsen B ice shelf is of particular concern due to the unprecedented ice-shelf collapse in 2002. Since few observations on the Antarctic Peninsula were available before the 1970s, long-term investigation of the surface elevation change in ... We present 3D hydrodynamics simulations of shell burning in two progenitors with zero-age main-sequence masses of 22 and 27 M ⊙ for ∼65 and 200 s up to the onset of gravitational collapse, respectively.Jun 17, 2015 · This entry will survey interactions between the epistemology of perception and the philosophy of mind. Following the existing literature, the focus will be on visual perceptual experience. The reader is invited to consider how generalizations to other senses might or might not succeed. Mar 14, 2023 · Everyone spaces out from time to time. While spacing out can simply be a sign that you are sleep deprived, stressed, or distracted, it can also be due to a transient ischemic attack, seizure, hypotension, hypoglycemia, migraine, transient global amnesia, fatigue, narcolepsy, or drug misuse. If you have repeated episodes or experience a lack of ... ant questions concerning this disease. The literature strongly documents that symptoms of osteonecrosis will progress. Although the literature also supports the progression of asymptomatic osteonecrosis to symptomatic osteonecrosis on to collapse, that support is less convincing. Progression is proportional to lesion size, with small lesions (< 15% of femoral head involvement by volume ...Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more.Definition of precollapse in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of precollapse. What does precollapse mean? Information and translations of precollapse in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web.arms control. The concept of negative peace addresses immediate symptoms, the conditions of war, and the use and effects of force and weapons. Words and images that reveal the horror of war and its aftermath are often used by writers, artists, and citizen groups in their efforts to stop it. Table 01: Variation between negative and positive peace The concept of democratic peace must be distinguished from the claim that democracies are in general more peaceful than nondemocratic countries. Whereas the latter claim is controversial, the claim that democratic states do not fight each other is widely regarded as true by scholars and practitioners of international relations.It is impossible to discuss concepts of collapse and regeneration without taking into account recent heated debates between Jared Diamond and his critics, notably in the book edited by Patricia McAnany and Norman Yoffee . Diamond tends to explain collapses by societal choices that were environmentally unwise; his critics often deny or underplay ...Peace Dividend: The money that becomes available in a national government's budget when the country is at peace, and can afford to reduce its defense spending. The term "peace dividend" is also ...Détente, French for “relaxation,” is “a process of managing relations with a potentially hostile country in order to preserve peace while maintaining our vital interests,” Henry Kissinger ...Mar 9, 2020 · St. Augustine concurred, preaching that the joining of lips symbolized the joining of hearts. Peace, by this conception, is about mutual identification, mutual flourishing, mutual submission, and mutual supplication. It is the peace of equality and cooperation. Apart from these two conceptions of peace, other meanings of the word can easily be ... Positive Peace is defined as the attitudes, institutions and structures that create and sustain peaceful societies. It provides a framework to understand and then address the multiple and complex challenges the world faces. Positive Peace is transformational in that it is a cross-cutting factor for progress, making it easier for businesses to ...Big bounce models have a venerable history and were endorsed on largely aesthetic grounds by cosmologists including Willem de Sitter, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, George McVittie and George Gamow (who stressed that "from the physical point of view we must forget entirely about the precollapse period").• Why had international peace collapsed by 1939? • Who was to blame for the Cold War? • How effectively did the United States contain the spread of Communism? • How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948–c.1989? • Why did events in the Gulf matter, c.1970–2000? Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918–1933. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their country’s uncertain future. Citizens faced poor economic conditions, skyrocketing unemployment, political instability, and profound social change. While downplaying more extreme goals, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi ...Everyone spaces out from time to time. While spacing out can simply be a sign that you are sleep deprived, stressed, or distracted, it can also be due to a transient ischemic attack, seizure, hypotension, hypoglycemia, migraine, transient global amnesia, fatigue, narcolepsy, or drug misuse. If you have repeated episodes or experience a lack of ...The author's study of the prompt shock mechanism continues with an investigation of the effect of the softness of the supranuclear behavior of the equation of state (EOS), and of the structure of the precollapse core model. Three different levels of neutrino transport were incorporated in the calculations. When neutrino-electron scattering (NES) is turned off and only e-type neutrinos are ... It is impossible to discuss concepts of collapse and regeneration without taking into account recent heated debates between Jared Diamond and his critics, notably in the book edited by Patricia McAnany and Norman Yoffee . Diamond tends to explain collapses by societal choices that were environmentally unwise; his critics often deny or underplay ...Perceived Obsolescence is when a person is persuaded into replacing an item before the old one has lost its functionality. It can be as simple as the old item becoming unfashionable or less desirable. The old item is perceived to be obsolete when it is not. The perceived obsolescence is usually due to the item’s aesthetics instead of ...Big bounce models have a venerable history and were endorsed on largely aesthetic grounds by cosmologists including Willem de Sitter, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, George McVittie and George Gamow (who stressed that "from the physical point of view we must forget entirely about the precollapse period"). ISBN : 92-3-102770-0 Collation : 226 p. Language : English Year of publication : 1992. bookExtract. Over the next few years much will be made of the hundred-year anniversary of the breakdown of the European peace into a thirty-one-year civil war that did not fully cease until 1945. In 2012 the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of the fact that there has been no war within its borders for the past sixty ...The Soviet Union, or U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 countries in Eastern Europe and Asia and lasted from 1922 until its fall in 1991. The Soviet Union was the world’s first Marxist-Communist state ...ISBN : 92-3-102770-0 Collation : 226 p. Language : English Year of publication : 1992. bookThe League of Nations was an international diplomatic group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare. A precursor to the ...Jan 4, 2022 · AUDIOBOOK. Abstract: In this article, the author investigates the concept of “war” during the Akkadian period (ca. 2234–2154 BCE) through fragments and clay tablets that have remained from that period in history more than 4,000 years ago. Given the special place that the divine realm took in the Akkadian worldview, manifesting even in ... The two most significant institutions that influence children’s concept of love and hate are family and school. The constructive relationship among students can be enhanced by a co-operative learning environment, conflict resolution techniques, and dispute management cells in schools that would help them to live in a peaceful world [14].Collapse definition, to fall or cave in; crumble suddenly: The roof collapsed and buried the crowd. See more. 14,794. 3,343. The wave function collapse, properly understood, is a central part of quantum theory. It refers to how a measurement changes the quantum state. The quantum state does not necessarily represent something in reality, and is a tool to calculate the probabilities of measurement results. The measurement results are considered to be a ...The approach taken to this in the present article is to see the concept of peace in the light of the social cosmology of various civilizations, roughly spanning the classical Occident-Orient spectrum. Methodologically, the terms explored are those that usually are translated, however superficially, into 'peace' in English — and that leads to ...This research focuses on Johan Galtung’s theory of the culture of peace. Based on his thoughts, the problems in this study are: 1). What is Johan Galtung's concept of a culture of peace? 2).
The aftermath of World War I saw cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.. Lay z boy
Sep 23, 2017 · Purpose The purposes of this study were to investigate (1) the clinical, radiographic and arthroscopic presentation of patients with subchondral insufficiency fracture of the femoral head (SIFFH) and (2) the outcomes following arthroscopic treatment with internal fixation using hydroxyapatite poly-lactate acid (HA/PLLA) threaded pins and concomitant arthroscopic treatment of associated ... Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918–1933. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their country’s uncertain future. Citizens faced poor economic conditions, skyrocketing unemployment, political instability, and profound social change. While downplaying more extreme goals, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi ... Sep 1, 2023 · perception, in humans, the process whereby sensory stimulation is translated into organized experience. That experience, or percept, is the joint product of the stimulation and of the process itself. Relations found between various types of stimulation (e.g., light waves and sound waves) and their associated percepts suggest inferences that can ... We present 3D hydrodynamics simulations of shell burning in two progenitors with zero-age main-sequence masses of 22 and 27 M ⊙ for ∼65 and 200 s up to the onset of gravitational collapse, respectively.The concept lay largely dormant until 2007, when an influential article by Columbia University counseling psychologist Derald Wing Sue and his co-authors brought it to the attention of a ...The ideal of peace therefore suffuses the religious concepts in the Qur’an. The revelation and the night on which it came down are peace. Peace is the pinnacle of the Muslim paradise. God is peace. While these verses treat spiritual ideals, they do have implications for the Qur’an’s view of proper human behavior.Core Decompression of the Femoral Head (Hip) A systematic review regarding the use of Core decompression (CD) for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the hip, performed by Rajagopal (October 2012), noted that CD has been theThe aftermath of World War I saw cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved.Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.The five issues are: (1) the ontology of concepts, (2) the structure of concepts, (3) empiricism and nativism about concepts, (4) concepts and natural language, and (5) concepts and conceptual analysis. 1. The ontology of concepts. 1.1 Concepts as mental representations. 1.2 Concepts as abilities. 1.3 Concepts as abstract objects.Big bounce models have a venerable history and were endorsed on largely aesthetic grounds by cosmologists including Willem de Sitter, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, George McVittie and George Gamow (who stressed that "from the physical point of view we must forget entirely about the precollapse period").Peirce’s Sign Theory, or Semiotic, is an account of signification, representation, reference and meaning. Although sign theories have a long history, Peirce’s accounts are distinctive and innovative for their breadth and complexity, and for capturing the importance of interpretation to signification. For Peirce, developing a thoroughgoing ...Why International Peace Collapsed By 1939. By the year 1939, peace in and among the countries of the world had lost next to all stability. Reasons for the outbreak of the Second World War include the actions of Adolf Hitler, the policy of appeasement, the vast number of problems caused by both the Treaty of Versailles and other peace treaties ...Apr 14, 2010 · Perestroika (“restructuring” in Russian) refers to a series of political and economic reforms meant to kick-start the stagnant 1980s economy of the Soviet Union. Its architect, President ... Sep 1, 2017 · The Soviet Union, or U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 countries in Eastern Europe and Asia and lasted from 1922 until its fall in 1991. The Soviet Union was the world’s first Marxist-Communist state ... This research focuses on Johan Galtung’s theory of the culture of peace. Based on his thoughts, the problems in this study are: 1). What is Johan Galtung's concept of a culture of peace? 2). A deep irony underlies the concept of peace in these three great Western religious systems. Christianity, for example, gave rise to one of the great warrior traditions in the world, yet it is unique among Western religions in the degree to which it was founded upon a message of peace, love, and nonviolence. It is impossible to discuss concepts of collapse and regeneration without taking into account recent heated debates between Jared Diamond and his critics, notably in the book edited by Patricia McAnany and Norman Yoffee . Diamond tends to explain collapses by societal choices that were environmentally unwise; his critics often deny or underplay ...The concepts of ‘fragile’ and ‘failed states’ have inherent conceptual limitations and flawed. assumptions that obscure their utility for research. They are shallow, confusing and ....